utorak, 13. studenoga 2018.

Arch Daily

Arch Daily

NLÉ Architects' MFS IIIx3 Prototype Launched in China Explores Ecological Intelligence

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 09:00 PM PST

Courtesy of NLÉ Architects Courtesy of NLÉ Architects

As part of a collaboration between the Centre Pompidou and the Mao Jihong Arts Foundation, the Cosmopolis #1.5: 'Enlarged Intelligence' exhibition features the developments of NLÉ Architects' Makoko Floating School. The Minjiang Floating System (MFS IIIx3), the fourth prototype and the third iteration of the prefabricated self-built system for water, investigates methods to counter the challenges posed by urbanization and climate change.

Earlier prototypes of the Makoko Floating School include the Waterfront Atlas (MFS II) launched in Venice, Italy and the Minne Floating School (MFS III) in Bruges, Belgium. The project, initially developed for the water in Lagos, is now usable in all these sites including the Jincheng Lake in Chengdu.

Courtesy of NLÉ Architects Courtesy of NLÉ Architects

Connected to the ancient existing irrigation system used along the Min River and Dujiangyan that has long since kept the Sichuan province fertile and hazard-free, the MFS IIIx3 is a contemporary addition to Chengdu's ecological belt. Not only solving environmental problems, but the system also aims to support and augment social values within the community. 

Courtesy of NLÉ Architects Courtesy of NLÉ Architects

Designed in three modular sizes using the locally sourced bamboo and other wood, the floating structures are hubs for the open-air concert hall, indoor exhibition space, and the information center. Together, they surround a small plaza space that allows visitors to observe and learn about the arts, water cultures, and future ecologies.

Courtesy of NLÉ Architects Courtesy of NLÉ Architects

Coupled with the efforts of the Cosmopolis exhibition in other sites around Chengdu and Jiajiang County, the artwork and technological displays explore the potential of ecological intelligence through creative experimentation. Featuring over 60 artists and groups, the project has artist residencies, concerts, talks, and educational programs addressing these issues. The exhibition will run till January 6, 2019.

News via NLÉ Architects

  • Architects: NLÉ Architects
  • Design Team: Kunlé Adeyemi, Nicolò Santini, Berend Strijland, Charlotte Verdier
  • Collaborators: Sunfire Creative Industry Org., Chengdu Fanmate Creative Furniture Co., Chengdu Keruijiesi Technology Co., Ltd.
  • Project Year: 2018

This posting includes an audio/video/photo media file: Download Now

A Library of 100 Downloadable Photoshop Textures

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 08:00 PM PST

Among the dozens of software programs exploited by architects today, Photoshop is one of the most universal, enduring, and valuable. The go-to tool for students and architects for image-based editing, collages, and rendering, the popularity of Photoshop has given rise to countless online tutorials, tips, and resources.

One of the most frustrating and time-consuming exercises in using Photoshop is the endless search for high-quality material textures. This demand has led to the creation of many dispersed online libraries, allowing users to download royalty-free, high-resolution textures for almost any material. One such site is Texture Palace, offering an extensive, Flickr-based library with high-quality concrete, timber, steel, and many other textures.

Below, we have collated some of the best textures from Texture Palace, creating an easy go-to resource as you create your next masterpiece. The site is steadily updated with new textures, so be sure to visit the official site here, and their Flickr page here. To access the full range of resolutions for each texture below, simply follow the link in the image caption.

Concrete 

Concrete 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/31299399748/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/31299399748/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Concrete 02. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/43173659600/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 02. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/43173659600/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Concrete 03. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/31112986218/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 03. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/31112986218/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Concrete 04. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/31112998688/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 04. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/31112998688/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Concrete 05. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44266480034/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 05. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44266480034/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Concrete 06. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/45648845922/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 06. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/45648845922/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Concrete 07. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/45648845952/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 07. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/45648845952/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Concrete 08. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44074213025/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 08. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44074213025/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Concrete 09. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/14618584163/in/album-72157645564121334/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 09. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/14618584163/in/album-72157645564121334/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Concrete 10. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44360640144/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 10. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44360640144/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Concrete 11. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/45611979752/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 11. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/45611979752/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Concrete 12. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44136351435/in/album-72157696117507400/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 12. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44136351435/in/album-72157696117507400/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Concrete 13. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/14595226351/in/album-72157645564121334/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 13. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/14595226351/in/album-72157645564121334/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Concrete 14. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/14596575894/in/album-72157645564121334/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 14. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/14596575894/in/album-72157645564121334/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Concrete 15. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26519540325/in/album-72157665019001624/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Concrete 15. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26519540325/in/album-72157665019001624/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

Timber 

Timber 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/20837125478/in/album-72157657578015070/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/20837125478/in/album-72157657578015070/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Timber 02. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/20837124958/in/album-72157657578015070/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 02. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/20837124958/in/album-72157657578015070/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Timber 03. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/21015109172/in/album-72157657578015070/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 03. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/21015109172/in/album-72157657578015070/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Timber 04. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/20998785236/in/album-72157657578015070/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 04. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/20998785236/in/album-72157657578015070/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Timber 05. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/20402380884/in/album-72157657578015070/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 05. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/20402380884/in/album-72157657578015070/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Timber 06. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26631925861/in/album-72157667705646045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 06. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26631925861/in/album-72157667705646045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Timber 07. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/30234441987/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 07. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/30234441987/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Timber 08. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26671306316/in/album-72157667705646045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 08. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26671306316/in/album-72157667705646045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Timber 09. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/29432767890/in/album-72157670644351134/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 09. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/29432767890/in/album-72157670644351134/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Timber 10. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26671306756/in/album-72157667705646045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 10. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26671306756/in/album-72157667705646045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Timber 11. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26092193084/in/album-72157667705646045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 11. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26092193084/in/album-72157667705646045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Timber 12. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26671306106/in/album-72157667705646045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 12. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26671306106/in/album-72157667705646045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Timber 13. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/29432768030/in/album-72157670644351134/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 13. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/29432768030/in/album-72157670644351134/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Timber 14. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26092193554/in/album-72157667705646045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 14. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26092193554/in/album-72157667705646045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Timber 15. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26671306976/in/album-72157667705646045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Timber 15. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26671306976/in/album-72157667705646045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

Metal 

Metal 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579221113/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579221113/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Metal 02. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26284739653/in/album-72157667894168321/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 02. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26284739653/in/album-72157667894168321/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Metal 03. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579694024/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 03. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579694024/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Metal 04. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579733264/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 04. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579733264/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Metal 05. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579783364/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 05. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579783364/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Metal 06. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579426613/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 06. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579426613/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Metal 07. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579367123/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 07. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579367123/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Metal 08. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26284740723/in/album-72157667894168321/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 08. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26284740723/in/album-72157667894168321/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Metal 09. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579724914/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 09. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579724914/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Metal 10. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26284736873/in/album-72157667894168321/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 10. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26284736873/in/album-72157667894168321/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Metal 11. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26283607514/in/album-72157667894168321/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 11. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26283607514/in/album-72157667894168321/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Metal 12. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579716144/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 12. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579716144/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Metal 13. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26283608214/in/album-72157667894168321/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 13. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26283608214/in/album-72157667894168321/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Metal 14. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26284737343/in/album-72157667894168321/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 14. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26284737343/in/album-72157667894168321/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Metal 15. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579242195/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Metal 15. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/13579242195/in/album-72157643305853013/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

Stone 

Stone 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/43073098130/in/album-72157695836164870/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Stone 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/43073098130/in/album-72157695836164870/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Stone 02. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44885343591/in/album-72157695836164870/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Stone 02. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44885343591/in/album-72157695836164870/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Stone 03. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/24837938945/in/album-72157664282323136/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Stone 03. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/24837938945/in/album-72157664282323136/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Stone 04. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/16894802517/in/album-72157651874177541/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Stone 04. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/16894802517/in/album-72157651874177541/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Stone 05. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/45051688584/in/album-72157673238924477/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Stone 05. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/45051688584/in/album-72157673238924477/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Stone 06. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/41232206930/in/album-72157698440372815/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Stone 06. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/41232206930/in/album-72157698440372815/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Stone 07. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44261895335/in/album-72157698957715542/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Stone 07. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44261895335/in/album-72157698957715542/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Stone 08. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/24211097513/in/album-72157664282323136/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Stone 08. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/24211097513/in/album-72157664282323136/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Stone 09. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/30836749027/in/album-72157673238924477/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Stone 09. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/30836749027/in/album-72157673238924477/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Stone 10. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/43959254290/in/album-72157673238924477/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Stone 10. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/43959254290/in/album-72157673238924477/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

Brick 

Brick 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/27606531@N02/2870123940/in/photolist-5nC8Rw-cAEswj-mzPC94-7LDLWB-8zJKip-bJ4kLZ-7EgnFz-PjfBp-9QzUXk-EyHnJ-9Gnjtp-a3LA7r-bgQRQi-nTVkMf-9MoDSF-6ohH72-ekd8J8-sb1bqX-9JTtS3-6V9yGm-4prH6n-9di7rN-rnwmME-nSJA1s-nYDsFn-4V6WNy-9YZASL-81EN1k-9UF5fa-udyV4y-5Bo2Lr-qjmoJy-Hm4Wgm-ds4CvJ-6ZYq7M-bxSGfz-e3JEqV-paTcXN-rfcKsQ-Q3Hbr-dW6o1D-7NcNeL-8cHqQp-dmCGNh-69qWat-dB5erd-a4t5vx-6bn3rD-8utxsV-dFbHya'>Flickr user War on Tomato</a> licensed under CC BY 2.0 Brick 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/27606531@N02/2870123940/in/photolist-5nC8Rw-cAEswj-mzPC94-7LDLWB-8zJKip-bJ4kLZ-7EgnFz-PjfBp-9QzUXk-EyHnJ-9Gnjtp-a3LA7r-bgQRQi-nTVkMf-9MoDSF-6ohH72-ekd8J8-sb1bqX-9JTtS3-6V9yGm-4prH6n-9di7rN-rnwmME-nSJA1s-nYDsFn-4V6WNy-9YZASL-81EN1k-9UF5fa-udyV4y-5Bo2Lr-qjmoJy-Hm4Wgm-ds4CvJ-6ZYq7M-bxSGfz-e3JEqV-paTcXN-rfcKsQ-Q3Hbr-dW6o1D-7NcNeL-8cHqQp-dmCGNh-69qWat-dB5erd-a4t5vx-6bn3rD-8utxsV-dFbHya'>Flickr user War on Tomato</a> licensed under CC BY 2.0
Brick 02. Image © Flickr user Andrew Kelsall icensed under CC BY 2.0 Brick 02. Image © Flickr user Andrew Kelsall icensed under CC BY 2.0
Brick 03. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/axelnaud/15261916930/in/photolist-pfDjbN-9netMw-dh1V5F-6HKnGw-9Nfxm4-eiuCwz-42ipE-5tk6ZV-o8EbhY-j93UfP-7DcRiD-73LTpn-s1Jg7-cc9SZb-atw2eG-9uoqz2-8sss1j-vB8xf-tUZbL-kuMwf2-7a2z-aKzpf-6vHV2J-ojGPts-cHPwd-7TBRg4-9xC7wS-6n6Q1o-5e2TDT-7KHNrm-adBQro-3kYcUT-gm8oh-rzjB8N-QDge4N-5WFk7F-8KoVvR-5dG3Ts-8XLNTq-7xMoPH-8ZsJt8-5gBLHh-aw4wQ5-53txjb-9G5eXn-aiEiW3-dxgu2i-ar19e7-qeaLUT-ofruSZ'>Flickr user Alex Naud</a> licensed under CC BY 2.0 Brick 03. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/axelnaud/15261916930/in/photolist-pfDjbN-9netMw-dh1V5F-6HKnGw-9Nfxm4-eiuCwz-42ipE-5tk6ZV-o8EbhY-j93UfP-7DcRiD-73LTpn-s1Jg7-cc9SZb-atw2eG-9uoqz2-8sss1j-vB8xf-tUZbL-kuMwf2-7a2z-aKzpf-6vHV2J-ojGPts-cHPwd-7TBRg4-9xC7wS-6n6Q1o-5e2TDT-7KHNrm-adBQro-3kYcUT-gm8oh-rzjB8N-QDge4N-5WFk7F-8KoVvR-5dG3Ts-8XLNTq-7xMoPH-8ZsJt8-5gBLHh-aw4wQ5-53txjb-9G5eXn-aiEiW3-dxgu2i-ar19e7-qeaLUT-ofruSZ'>Flickr user Alex Naud</a> licensed under CC BY 2.0
Brick 04. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/sampos/2694429783/in/photolist-576E6V-69uec5-MGkch-6qq7Sp-4Ht5u2-oK5cii-6i2wTQ-6B87Qm-eTMUob-F7NnW7-6idYbc-21x5L3-4wXLc2-6yjReP-4ALG6q-22Nmpr-6bmi9g-e8KY6s-bJzqLt-h8uZ7z-7SZXhQ-73dkDq-4tFvTC-21sJ3v-nci2i-7cNN6i-ryGF-4u614k-6dw5AX-awZndg-aDyyf-ryGW-gS1y8-bJHTEv-bkM38r-pRhC6R-9jL9P-YpQyQS-FxAjsX-doUYHa-4uy4Gu-8v6sF9-SGezNB-bMmBv6-4ktgLT-bpu5rn-4CcBh7-p6vZin-7SyGkM-9mdYKn'>Flickr user Sampo Sikio</a> licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Brick 04. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/sampos/2694429783/in/photolist-576E6V-69uec5-MGkch-6qq7Sp-4Ht5u2-oK5cii-6i2wTQ-6B87Qm-eTMUob-F7NnW7-6idYbc-21x5L3-4wXLc2-6yjReP-4ALG6q-22Nmpr-6bmi9g-e8KY6s-bJzqLt-h8uZ7z-7SZXhQ-73dkDq-4tFvTC-21sJ3v-nci2i-7cNN6i-ryGF-4u614k-6dw5AX-awZndg-aDyyf-ryGW-gS1y8-bJHTEv-bkM38r-pRhC6R-9jL9P-YpQyQS-FxAjsX-doUYHa-4uy4Gu-8v6sF9-SGezNB-bMmBv6-4ktgLT-bpu5rn-4CcBh7-p6vZin-7SyGkM-9mdYKn'>Flickr user Sampo Sikio</a> licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Brick 05. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/pg/2633127765/in/photolist-51Ft9z-GNk7eB-Qu91is-9cZxQu-sbDKJ2-b4hrwx-rV9fiq-77Lzsg-8myJwG-SsdDtt-3oWibU-7de7fx-3gGqN-8kj1e2-8jYt11-5YKGWb-oGzemA-8YPDWa-9y4yv1-7CmfXP-KWqxy6-4dgvsX-bDcvEh-rtE4yM-8RnSGc-8i8uUo-8ioqe2-8eDSbB-8oS6sn-8gXP5k-CdkeMw-8Q8B3y-DmwHxt-FWmnp-94sjg9-8QFjEL-Rerzne-8eRqB9-eADn72-suu5jS-8R39fN-rgk8QJ-8rFNZc-8jBzoD-8zSqej-8RGBwF-8D7czj-J4s6sH-87uQVq-e5uckm'>Flickr user Peter Guthrie</a> licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Brick 05. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/pg/2633127765/in/photolist-51Ft9z-GNk7eB-Qu91is-9cZxQu-sbDKJ2-b4hrwx-rV9fiq-77Lzsg-8myJwG-SsdDtt-3oWibU-7de7fx-3gGqN-8kj1e2-8jYt11-5YKGWb-oGzemA-8YPDWa-9y4yv1-7CmfXP-KWqxy6-4dgvsX-bDcvEh-rtE4yM-8RnSGc-8i8uUo-8ioqe2-8eDSbB-8oS6sn-8gXP5k-CdkeMw-8Q8B3y-DmwHxt-FWmnp-94sjg9-8QFjEL-Rerzne-8eRqB9-eADn72-suu5jS-8R39fN-rgk8QJ-8rFNZc-8jBzoD-8zSqej-8RGBwF-8D7czj-J4s6sH-87uQVq-e5uckm'>Flickr user Peter Guthrie</a> licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Brick 06. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/brettpatterson/4071752267/in/photolist-7cNN6i-ryGF-4u614k-6dw5AX-awZndg-aDyyf-ryGW-gS1y8-bJHTEv-bkM38r-pRhC6R-9jL9P-YpQyQS-FxAjsX-doUYHa-4uy4Gu-8v6sF9-SGezNB-bMmBv6-4ktgLT-bpu5rn-4CcBh7-p6vZin-7SyGkM-9mdYKn-5RNgHQ-dU9Ded-75Li6L-cKtjrq-6V8fcE-rSeVY-uAb8Wg-4VqXX8-BzNfQS-T6b3U-8RSLQS-b9U4GX-76Q13c-KpHeMb-9Teq4V-9yBXpU-7R6fbv-9o9j1J-9M6cGb-kwYhjn-XeYTdH-cDNQ5b-5x3CMo-ekdU9D-2duXYP'>Flickr user Brett Patterson</a> licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0 Brick 06. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/brettpatterson/4071752267/in/photolist-7cNN6i-ryGF-4u614k-6dw5AX-awZndg-aDyyf-ryGW-gS1y8-bJHTEv-bkM38r-pRhC6R-9jL9P-YpQyQS-FxAjsX-doUYHa-4uy4Gu-8v6sF9-SGezNB-bMmBv6-4ktgLT-bpu5rn-4CcBh7-p6vZin-7SyGkM-9mdYKn-5RNgHQ-dU9Ded-75Li6L-cKtjrq-6V8fcE-rSeVY-uAb8Wg-4VqXX8-BzNfQS-T6b3U-8RSLQS-b9U4GX-76Q13c-KpHeMb-9Teq4V-9yBXpU-7R6fbv-9o9j1J-9M6cGb-kwYhjn-XeYTdH-cDNQ5b-5x3CMo-ekdU9D-2duXYP'>Flickr user Brett Patterson</a> licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0
Brick 07. Image © Flickr user Ryan Day licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Brick 07. Image © Flickr user Ryan Day licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Brick 08. Image © Flickr user Michael Coghlan licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Brick 08. Image © Flickr user Michael Coghlan licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Brick 09. Image © Flickr user Esko Kurvinen licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Brick 09. Image © Flickr user Esko Kurvinen licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Brick 10. Image © Flickr user Kat Selvocki licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Brick 10. Image © Flickr user Kat Selvocki licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Asphalt

Asphalt 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44050399715/in/album-72157671737088257/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Asphalt 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44050399715/in/album-72157671737088257/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Asphalt 02. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44050387115/in/album-72157671737088257/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Asphalt 02. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44050387115/in/album-72157671737088257/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Asphalt 03. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/31090080378/in/album-72157671737088257/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Asphalt 03. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/31090080378/in/album-72157671737088257/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Asphalt 04. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44243167644/in/album-72157671737088257/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Asphalt 04. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44243167644/in/album-72157671737088257/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Asphalt 05. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/31090070388/in/album-72157671737088257/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Asphalt 05. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/31090070388/in/album-72157671737088257/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Asphalt 06. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44008929435/in/album-72157671667579987/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Asphalt 06. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/44008929435/in/album-72157671667579987/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Asphalt 07. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/43109239450/in/album-72157671667579987/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Asphalt 07. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/43109239450/in/album-72157671667579987/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

Earth

Earth 01. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Earth 01. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Earth 02. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Earth 02. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Earth 03. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Earth 03. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Earth 04. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Earth 04. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Earth 05. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Earth 05. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Earth 06. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Earth 06. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Earth 07. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Earth 07. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

Grass & Leaves 

Grass 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/wwarby/14866392570/in/photolist-oDG9zh-p9vRmR-86zj39-HVfP1p-qCKRrG-ayKgb4-89fJ8b-o3zaUw-tBWQzM-sinuVf-hNJPYx-U4MGSm-oB1WoQ-bkwcy2-9wWhLG-ewDJLg-rjxiGF-6hDeBq-nq4XH5-d8pasq-ei9KCb-aMDSBi-dVWKBN-dVrJ4x-kG7rt5-hNKf1S-243uAjf-27FMcRG-avGCoh-8Kp1f6-5bxXqY-9ETeAC-PMtDTd-e2yUYk-pfX5gw-oQkUYr-A268JE-rz6pn4-9s9Gkg-fQyY7k-iaYb6e-29nvLm5-edtjVs-nhdkc1-mxGCex-bPhsS2-a7MRtV-a6WFHK-akS1oi-dRNWKB'>Flickr user William Warby</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/'>CC BY 2.0</a> Grass 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/wwarby/14866392570/in/photolist-oDG9zh-p9vRmR-86zj39-HVfP1p-qCKRrG-ayKgb4-89fJ8b-o3zaUw-tBWQzM-sinuVf-hNJPYx-U4MGSm-oB1WoQ-bkwcy2-9wWhLG-ewDJLg-rjxiGF-6hDeBq-nq4XH5-d8pasq-ei9KCb-aMDSBi-dVWKBN-dVrJ4x-kG7rt5-hNKf1S-243uAjf-27FMcRG-avGCoh-8Kp1f6-5bxXqY-9ETeAC-PMtDTd-e2yUYk-pfX5gw-oQkUYr-A268JE-rz6pn4-9s9Gkg-fQyY7k-iaYb6e-29nvLm5-edtjVs-nhdkc1-mxGCex-bPhsS2-a7MRtV-a6WFHK-akS1oi-dRNWKB'>Flickr user William Warby</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/'>CC BY 2.0</a>
Leaves 01. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Leaves 01. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Leaves 02. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Leaves 02. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Leaves 03. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Leaves 03. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Leaves 04. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Leaves 04. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

Water 

Water 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/eltpics/6187284354/in/photolist-aqKs5s-e9Gots-dTmNTN-ndPoUH-dto5tb-kngsua-8HpMpL-8Nvx56-9xgAub-cn9P6f-aHHfUg-eZuCKy-GGESYR-8poKM8-2cCHwvG-mTN6Ke-jJ75UC-23miRpG-N2VaGx-idzQ5s-oQdjUo-jfT5Dx-qqtVxp-vAh2XZ-daz7cx-pL5Z5U-mjpLre-cBhHeQ-hVYK1L-iZEASp-ifxycB-dQJUuK-dRqQXX-d8p825-s7Zaj2-8ST8Fh-bAB8Sj-cWVPQ1-qVy7sa-d63THQ-kDroua-fo5oEJ-cDmQFm-dNwhCZ-a7r5np-oG6HTo-YsKkQC-uD5N9x-gU4ck3-ppddxX'>Flickr user eltpics</a> licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0 Water 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/eltpics/6187284354/in/photolist-aqKs5s-e9Gots-dTmNTN-ndPoUH-dto5tb-kngsua-8HpMpL-8Nvx56-9xgAub-cn9P6f-aHHfUg-eZuCKy-GGESYR-8poKM8-2cCHwvG-mTN6Ke-jJ75UC-23miRpG-N2VaGx-idzQ5s-oQdjUo-jfT5Dx-qqtVxp-vAh2XZ-daz7cx-pL5Z5U-mjpLre-cBhHeQ-hVYK1L-iZEASp-ifxycB-dQJUuK-dRqQXX-d8p825-s7Zaj2-8ST8Fh-bAB8Sj-cWVPQ1-qVy7sa-d63THQ-kDroua-fo5oEJ-cDmQFm-dNwhCZ-a7r5np-oG6HTo-YsKkQC-uD5N9x-gU4ck3-ppddxX'>Flickr user eltpics</a> licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0
Water 02. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Water 02. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Water 03. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Water 03. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Water 04. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Water 04. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Water 05. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Water 05. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Water 06. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/ttrinoid/27982248976/in/photolist-JCGkJy-pokH5B-hXFH4n-2bnEV6V-oRGnXE-dMFhob-a4mn5s-a5F29V-dk7v62-dMHVfr-947tvC-a7Xw2r-dVsCBF-bvMi8t-9g6WiA-c22hnW-agEZuB-canaVw-9qnuh9-4mRgkd-a525Si-cXds1j-dRghQ3-Q6nxSV-byRUoh-AY5fHw-aR4Qgz-8Ze9wi-9wgUKW-btxPsH-f537C1-aMY1Ug-E4FZ9F-FbPKZk-8GBKm1-c37XWC-b8sCvc-fv7t2X-oVHRVB-cRV96q-aAmBaV-hb56S9-dW3AQT-pjVK3A-n6121H-aygzjA-5Uik94-ea1eRH-dTecgd-e8Tu86'>Flickr user Bjoern von Thuelen</a> licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0 Water 06. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/ttrinoid/27982248976/in/photolist-JCGkJy-pokH5B-hXFH4n-2bnEV6V-oRGnXE-dMFhob-a4mn5s-a5F29V-dk7v62-dMHVfr-947tvC-a7Xw2r-dVsCBF-bvMi8t-9g6WiA-c22hnW-agEZuB-canaVw-9qnuh9-4mRgkd-a525Si-cXds1j-dRghQ3-Q6nxSV-byRUoh-AY5fHw-aR4Qgz-8Ze9wi-9wgUKW-btxPsH-f537C1-aMY1Ug-E4FZ9F-FbPKZk-8GBKm1-c37XWC-b8sCvc-fv7t2X-oVHRVB-cRV96q-aAmBaV-hb56S9-dW3AQT-pjVK3A-n6121H-aygzjA-5Uik94-ea1eRH-dTecgd-e8Tu86'>Flickr user Bjoern von Thuelen</a> licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0

Sky

Sky 01. Image © Flickr user Martin Duggan licensed under CC BY 2.0 Sky 01. Image © Flickr user Martin Duggan licensed under CC BY 2.0
Sky 02. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Sky 02. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Sky 03. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Sky 03. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Sky 04. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Sky 04. Image © Flickr user Texture Palace licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Sky 05. Image © Flickr user Sarah Falla licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Sky 05. Image © Flickr user Sarah Falla licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Fabric

Fabric 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26445053092/in/album-72157665053759414/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Fabric 01. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26445053092/in/album-72157665053759414/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Fabric 02. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/25934473043/in/album-72157665053759414/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Fabric 02. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/25934473043/in/album-72157665053759414/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Fabric 03. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/25906199603/in/album-72157667154856352/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Fabric 03. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/25906199603/in/album-72157667154856352/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Fabric 04. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26449980250/in/album-72157667760980045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Fabric 04. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26449980250/in/album-72157667760980045/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Fabric 05. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26463507242/in/album-72157667322969116/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 Fabric 05. Image © <a href='https://www.flickr.com/photos/122127718@N08/26463507242/in/album-72157667322969116/'>Flickr user Texture Palace</a> licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

Textures via: Texture Palace

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Europe's Largest Wooden Construction Revealed by Triptych, Duncan Lewis, Park and OXO

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 07:30 PM PST

ECOTONE. Image Courtesy of Triptych, Duncan Lewis, Park, OXO ECOTONE. Image Courtesy of Triptych, Duncan Lewis, Park, OXO

Triptych, Duncan Lewis, Park, and OXO Architects reveal a design for Europe's largest wooden construction in Arcueil, France. Called Ecotone, the project is sited in the Coteau Area of southern Paris as a multi-use space set to link city and landscape. The design takes the form of two hybrid hills with trees and a large staircase containing several terraces and patios. Ecotone aims to rethink the future of sustainable cities and timber construction.

ECOTONE. Image Courtesy of Triptych, Duncan Lewis, Park, OXO ECOTONE. Image Courtesy of Triptych, Duncan Lewis, Park, OXO
ECOTONE. Image Courtesy of Triptych, Duncan Lewis, Park, OXO ECOTONE. Image Courtesy of Triptych, Duncan Lewis, Park, OXO

Inspired by biomimicry, the project will include walls that open and close depending on the weather, a thin roof that breathes, and wells that regulate the temperature. At 82,000 square meters, Ecotone will serve as work space and housing for up to 5000 occupants. The project combines offices, hotel, restaurants, shops and a sports hall. It's name is derived from the transition zone between two ecosystems, called an "ecotone" in biology. This central concept aims to build a new interface between urban development and nature.

ECOTONE. Image Courtesy of Triptych, Duncan Lewis, Park, OXO ECOTONE. Image Courtesy of Triptych, Duncan Lewis, Park, OXO
ECOTONE. Image Courtesy of Triptych, Duncan Lewis, Park, OXO ECOTONE. Image Courtesy of Triptych, Duncan Lewis, Park, OXO

The site benefits from metropolitan accessibility to transportation and amenities, as well drawing connections to health and digital economy clusters nearby.​ The architecture is inspired by nature, from the bird's nest to the hive of bees. As the four firms have stated, "Nature knows better than man how to design its habitat by ensuring structural qualities, thermal and exceptional uses." Ecotone will be the biggest wood construction in Europe. and at the time of the global ecological crisis, Ecotone aims to become a symbol of Paris and its commitment to tackling climate change.

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Taika Kindergarten / OOPEAA

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 07:00 PM PST

© Mikko Auerniitty © Mikko Auerniitty
  • Architects: OOPEAA
  • Location: Seinäjoki, Finland
  • Lead Architects: Anssi Lassila
  • Project Architect: Anne Kaivo-oja
  • Assistants: Juha Pakkala, Timo Etula
  • Area: 3100.0 m2
  • Project Year: 2017
  • Photographs: Mikko Auerniitty
  • Landscape Architect: OOPEAA / VSU landscape architects
  • Engineering: Contria Oy / Jarno Haapanen
  • Client: City of Seinäjoki
© Mikko Auerniitty © Mikko Auerniitty

Text description provided by the architects. The Taika Kindergarten building is carefully designed with the needs and the scale of children in mind in order to provide them an experiential and friendly space. Taika opened its doors to serve Seinäjoki families in January 2018, and it has been well loved by the staff and the children alike since the beginning.

© Mikko Auerniitty © Mikko Auerniitty

Despite the relatively large number of children served, Taika manages to offer a home-like scale. Taika provides daycare for 225 children between ages of one and seven as well as a place of work for 50 staff members. Taika also serves families with parents with shift work schedules offering overnight care for a rotating group of 200 children with a maximum of 60 children spending the night in the kindergarten at a time. This means that all overnight childcare offered by the City of Seinäjoki to its residents is now gathered under one roof. Also the offices of the regional directors of early education services are now all in one place in the Taika building supporting their work as a team of coordinators of regional services.

© Mikko Auerniitty © Mikko Auerniitty
Diagram 05 Diagram 05
© Mikko Auerniitty © Mikko Auerniitty

Taking its cue from the Ostrobotnian traditional barn in the open field, Taika is shaped like a large barn. Yet, it is colorful and full of light, and its star-shaped plan serves to provide rhythm and to create a sense of a home like scale. With its flexibly adapting naptime spaces, its highly practical foyer areas equipped to deal with the challenges brought along by the Nordic weather and the high demands it poses on handling children's outdoor clothing, as well as the pockets of loosely separated outdoor areas each with its own porch to provide shelter from rain and to serve children of different age groups, the Taika Kindergarten is a great example of the contemporary Nordic approach to the design of kindergarten buildings.

© Mikko Auerniitty © Mikko Auerniitty

The star-shaped plan offers an efficient and flexible organization of space. The spaces in the building are divided into six independent home base areas that each house two groups of children. There are altogether 12 groups of 18-20 children of different ages. Each home base area has its own entrance providing direct access from the yard. The home base areas have large windows facing the yard and giving the building lots of light and air. The space is organized in a playful rhythm of alternating sheltered nooks and open areas and the interior spaces and their furnishings are color-coded so that each age group has its own identifiable color and its own section of the building helping the children orient themselves when moving around in the building.

© Mikko Auerniitty © Mikko Auerniitty

In a double height space in the center where the three wings are joined, there is an open shared space that serves as a dining hall and also transforms into a performance space or a meeting space for the community to use in the evening hours. The shared spaces of Taika provide an array of spaces suitable for a large number of activities ranging from a swimming pool in the basement, to a workshop with a workbench for working with wood, and easels and drawing boards, as well as a large gym hall. A wide 'reading stair' in the center provides an auditorium-like space for children to gather in.

© Mikko Auerniitty © Mikko Auerniitty

The exterior walls are clad with larch paneling and will acquire a silvery gray patina over time. Segments of the exterior walls are covered with aluminum that reflects the color of the sky and the surrounding landscape. 

© Mikko Auerniitty © Mikko Auerniitty

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Making Real-Time Rendering Less Daunting: Unreal Engine Online Learning

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 06:30 PM PST

When you see new software that can speed up your workflow, it's fun to imagine what you can do with it. But in reality, many of us don't want to be among the first to try it out, especially if documentation is lacking. No one wants to spend countless hours fighting with mysterious features only to go back to the old workflow because you just need to get things done.

Maybe you've been thinking about trying out photoreal real-time rendering for your workflow, but you're concerned that that on-ramp is too steep. Real-time rendering requires you to import your CAD scene into a game engine, and anytime you import to a new piece of software, there are going to be issues to solve. If you have to figure it out on your own, it's going to be a long, hard road.

While some companies seem reluctant to spend time on documentation, Epic Games, creators of the real-time rendering tool Unreal Engine, is not one of these companies.

Making the On-Ramp a Joy Ride

Recognizing that real-time rendering is quickly becoming a game-changer for architectural visualization, Epic Games recently launched the Unreal Engine Online Learning platform, a free set of video-based courses on just about every aspect of Unreal Engine. Much of the content is tailored specifically for Enterprise users—architects, designers, engineers, film and video producers—and most of the courses are divided into short, bite-sized videos for easy watching over a coffee break.

The platform isn't just a bunch of videos slapped together with a pretty label. The courses take particular care to cover common workflows in detail, such as data preparation and the import process itself. For lighting, another vital part of photoreal visualization, there are five complete multi-video courses covering everything from the basics to global illumination, reflection, and ambient occlusion.

"A year ago, we set out to break down all the barriers to using Unreal Engine," says Ken Pimentel, Senior Product Manager at Epic Games. "We quickly realized that understanding how these revolutionary real-time concepts can change industry required a deep investment in the learning process. The Unreal Engine Online Learning platform represents the beginning of a future learning experience that is structured and personalized."

Epic Games has taken a lot of care with this offering, organizing courses into tracks based on industries, job roles, workflows, and engine concepts. For those who want to take their presentations a step further, there are courses on how to build a configurator, create a virtual reality walk-through, and add post effects like bloom, depth of field, and fog.

The Road to Unreal Studio

While coming out with a free learning platform might not seem like big news, users of Unreal Studio have embraced the new courses. Unreal Studio, which is currently in a free beta period, is an Enterprise solution that includes access to Unreal Engine in addition to a series of import tools called Datasmith. Datasmith is designed to import CAD, 3ds Max, and SketchUp scenes into Unreal Engine with a minimum of effort.

Anyone can apply for the free Unreal Studio beta and start importing their existing scenes right away. Datasmith is designed to handle scenes from more than 20 CAD programs, so chances are you're already using one of the formats it supports. With both Unreal Studio and the Unreal Engine Online Learning videos being offered for free, Epic Games has eliminated any cost barrier that might have kept you from trying out real-time rendering.

Just before the new online learning platform was released, Epic Games released Unreal Studio 4.20, the latest beta with improvements based on user feedback. With this new version, the import process can bring in per-object metadata, and complex CAD assemblies can be converted quickly and intelligently to the Unreal Engine format. They've even upgraded Unreal Engine itself to include basic mesh editing tools, meaning you can fix the odd overlapping face right there in the software.

Between Unreal Studio 4.20 and the Unreal Engine Online Learning platform, Epic Games is showing its commitment to the field of real-time rendering for Enterprise. "We want to make sure everyone, everywhere, can learn how to harness the rendering revolution that Unreal Engine is driving and take advantage of all it offers," says Pimentel. "From real-time rendering, to interactive tours and virtual reality—every architect that wants to use these features should be able to learn based on their own needs and timing. That's what the Unreal Engine Online Learning platform is for."

With the release of the new learning tools, Epic Games has made the on-ramp to the future a little less bumpy and provided a passing-lane for those that want to get there first.

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Villa 118 / Denrakaev

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 06:00 PM PST

© Andrey Avdeenko © Andrey Avdeenko
  • Architects: Denrakaev
  • Location: Kyiv, Ukraine
  • Lead Architects: Denis Rakaev
  • Area: 150.0 m2
  • Project Year: 2018
  • Photographs: Andrey Avdeenko
© Andrey Avdeenko © Andrey Avdeenko

Text description provided by the architects. The villa has a clear and understandable structure. The central part is occupied by the common space of the Living Room, which combines: a sofa area, a dining area and open kitchen.

© Andrey Avdeenko © Andrey Avdeenko
Floor Plan Floor Plan
© Andrey Avdeenko © Andrey Avdeenko

On the right and on the left, two residential wings adjoin the living room, which can be reached via two independent corridors. In the left wing there is a Master Bedroom with a separate bathroom, a bathroom and a Wardrobe room. In the right wing there is a Cabinet, transforming, if necessary, into the Guest bedroom.

© Andrey Avdeenko © Andrey Avdeenko
© Andrey Avdeenko © Andrey Avdeenko

When the Cabinet has its own bathroom and toilet. From the common living room space there is a separate exit through the vestibule to the economic block of the house. It housed here: a boiler room, an additional bathroom and a garage for two cars.

© Andrey Avdeenko © Andrey Avdeenko

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Six Vaults Pavilion / Gijs Van Vaerenbergh

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 05:00 PM PST

© Matthijs van der Burgt © Matthijs van der Burgt
  • Other Participants: LAMA landscape architects
© Matthijs van der Burgt © Matthijs van der Burgt
© Matthijs van der Burgt © Matthijs van der Burgt

Text description provided by the architects. In the frame of the centennial commemoration of World War I, the architect duo Gijs Van Vaerenbergh was commissioned by the municipality of Hooglede (BE) to realize a reception pavilion for the German Military Cemetery. More than eight thousand German soldiers who fell in the region during the Great War are buried at the German Military Cemetery. The cemetery dates from 1917 when the area was in still German hands. Today, the cemetery is located in a typical Flemish suburban context, surrounded by agricultural lands and traditional allotments.

© Matthijs van der Burgt © Matthijs van der Burgt
Site Plan Site Plan
© Matthijs van der Burgt © Matthijs van der Burgt

The concrete pavilion functions as a reception infrastructure that - depending on the viewing direction - frames different fragments of the environment. The pavilion is inspired by classical arch architecture, which can also be seen in the historic Honor Hall of the cemetery but also presents a new interpretation of this historical architectural vernacular. Gijs Van Vaerenbergh cut six diagonal vaults at different angles out of a massive volume of 9x9x5m. A complex vault and columns structure of varying shapes and dimensions define the covered space. An over-dimensioned column accommodates a subtly integrated lavatory space.

© Matthijs van der Burgt © Matthijs van der Burgt

Each vaulted space frames another fragment of the surroundings: the cemetery, the surrounding landscape and the allotments on the other side. Yet, depending on the viewing direction - the pavilion also frames fragments of itself. This creates a pictorial play of arc in the arc that brings to the fore the way the play of light affects the vaults. As such, the pavilion functions as a kind of viewing machine that brings both itself and the environment to the fore. The floor around the pavilion was conceived as a spatial installation that reflects the wish to make the entrance zone a space that functions as an important addition to the overall staging of the cemetery.

© Matthijs van der Burgt © Matthijs van der Burgt
Diagram Diagram
© Matthijs van der Burgt © Matthijs van der Burgt

A dark concrete surface was divided by a fracture pattern, which refers to the broken and blackened landscape at the time of the war. Various concrete fragments were removed at strategic locations to make space for greenery and planting. The landscape design was realized in collaboration with LAMA landscape architects. With Six Vault Pavilion, Gijs Van Vaerenbergh continues their work on themes the duo experimented with earlier in other installations. The 'cutting' is an important strategy in their thinking and design process, yet in this work, it is applied in a completely novel way.

© Matthijs van der Burgt © Matthijs van der Burgt
Floor Plan v.1 Floor Plan v.1
© Matthijs van der Burgt © Matthijs van der Burgt

Previously, Gijs Van Vaerenbergh realized internationally acclaimed projects such as Reading between the Lines, Labyrinth, Upside Dome, Framework and Arcade. The works of duo Gijs Van Vaerenbergh inevitably demand to be framed within architecture or the visual arts, and yet neither of both frameworks are fully satisfactory. Founding architects Pieterjan Gijs and Arnout Van Vaerenbergh developed since their studies a parallel practice in which they employed their technical and theoretical know-how for an experimental research. The output of that research varies from works in the public space and architectural structures to sculptures and smaller work. 

© Matthijs van der Burgt © Matthijs van der Burgt

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Thuy Khue House / HGAA

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 04:00 PM PST

© Hoang Le Photography © Hoang Le Photography
  • Architects: HGAA
  • Location: Hanói, Vietnam
  • Lead Architects: Nguyen Van Thu, Nguyen Minh Duc
  • Area: 85.0 m2
  • Project Year: 2017
  • Photographs: Hoang Le Photography
© Hoang Le Photography © Hoang Le Photography

Text description provided by the architects. Thuy Khue house is located at a crowded residential area in Hanoi, which contains numerous long, small and narrow alleys. The living environment in areas like this is always short of green and natural light. The design is an effort to deal with the situation, in order to create a living environment that close to nature in such an unhealthy urban atmosphere.

© Hoang Le Photography © Hoang Le Photography

The site has an amorphous shape without façade, surrounded by 4- to 5-story houses, left only a small path leading to the house.

1st floor plan 1st floor plan

The design proposes a 3-storey high courtyard at the core of the site. It includes two parts, half inside and half outside, providing abundance of wind and light for the house. The courtyard become the breathing space for the house, from which all the members of the family can make communication with the others. This also helps reducing the separation between rooms and floors, as well as minimizing the disadvantage of tube-house model.

© Hoang Le Photography © Hoang Le Photography

The first floor includes living room – dining room – kitchen, together with remaining small spaces to plant trees. This is the common space with plenty of light and green for the family.

Diagram Diagram

The upper stories contain bedrooms, which also make use of small atriums to make openings which allows natural light and ventilation for the inside. Every space in the house is therefore always airy, light, and got interesting view to few green spaces left in the area.

© Hoang Le Photography © Hoang Le Photography
Section 01 Section 01
© Hoang Le Photography © Hoang Le Photography
Section 02 Section 02

The interior was design in minimalism, using bright colors to make the space feels larger. The indoor feels like a different world, calm and airy, contrasting with the dusty and messy world outside.

© Hoang Le Photography © Hoang Le Photography

With the desire of improving the living environment of people in dense urban area, the project aims to propose a simple solution by focusing on natural elements such as lighting, ventilation and green. We hope this can help people to live closer to the others and to the nature.

© Hoang Le Photography © Hoang Le Photography

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Neeson Cripps Academy / COOKFOX Architects

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 03:00 PM PST

© David Yeow © David Yeow
© David Yeow © David Yeow

Text description provided by the architects. The Neeson Cripps Academy is a school for secondary education in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, built for the Cambodian Children's Fund. Located in a neighborhood of extreme poverty adjacent to the site of the former Steung Meanchey garbage dump, the school provides high-quality education to 400 of the city's most disadvantaged children, aged 13-18, with a robust English-language program, STEAM curriculum, and globally-connected learning.

© David Yeow © David Yeow
Ground floor plan Ground floor plan
© David Yeow © David Yeow

The school building is conceived in two parts. A long, south wing is composed of open air classrooms and flexible enclosed learning spaces accessed by outdoor walkways. These rooms are dual aspect and benefit from passive cross ventilation. An intricate bamboo screen and deep overhangs shade the façade. The north wing contains science labs, an art studio, computer lab, film and media room, galleries, multipurpose spaces and administration offices which are conditioned by highly efficient mechanical systems.  Filtered outdoor air in supplied to all classrooms though energy recovery ventilators, optimizing indoor air quality and boosting learning capacity. A combination of deep vertical and horizontal brise soleil provide exterior shading. The design prioritizes use of daylighting in classrooms and circulation spaces to reduce demand for energy and provide learning benefits to the students. On-site photovoltaics provide a portion of the school's energy needs, and low-energy lighting and low flow fixtures reduce operating costs. The photovoltaics are integrated into the roof design as a rain and sun shade that protects a multipurpose sports court.

© David Yeow © David Yeow
Section A Section A
© David Yeow © David Yeow
Section B Section B
© David Yeow © David Yeow

A significant portion of the building is dedicated to flexible gathering spaces designed to encourage strong long-term social networks and collaborative learning among students. Much of the ground level is open to provide a covered gathering space with a visual connection to a large courtyard garden, and to lessen the school's vulnerability to flooding.

© David Yeow © David Yeow

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Treasure House of Shanghai Himalaya Art Museum / Shan Xiang Architectural

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 01:00 PM PST

Traditional "Hui Pai" atrium. Image © Wenjie Hu Traditional "Hui Pai" atrium. Image © Wenjie Hu
  • Electrical, Water Supply & Drainage Design: Li Ma
Atrium as reception and meeting space. Image © Wenjie Hu Atrium as reception and meeting space. Image © Wenjie Hu

Text description provided by the architects. The Treasure House is located in the Art Gallery of the Himalaya Center in Pudong, Shanghai. The building was designed by the famous Japanese architect Arata Isozaki and is a famous building in China.

Atrium space. Image © Wenjie Hu Atrium space. Image © Wenjie Hu
Round atrium ceiling. Image © Wenjie Hu Round atrium ceiling. Image © Wenjie Hu

The Treasure House is a Qing Dynasty residence from Jingdezhen, Jiangxi. The specific initial construction period can not be verified. The part shipped to Shanghai is only the wooden structure part, the original bricks and tiles are not shipped, and part of the wood structure is supplemented components. The original building is a two-story, three-layer courtyard. Due to the limited space of the museum, only two layers can be accommodated. The term "accommodated" as used here refers to the installation of a residential building in the hinterland of China into a large box of reinforced concrete in the Modu City (Shanghai). And there is no natural light, relying entirely on lighting, which is just right for this function change from the residence to the exhibition hall, because the lighting form of the exhibition hall is best.

Atrium view from second floor window. Image © Wenjie Hu Atrium view from second floor window. Image © Wenjie Hu

The ancient architecture of Jingdezhen was greatly influenced by the Hui-style architecture of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This residence is typical Hui-style. The patio between the two layers is the most representative. It is called Sishuiguimingtang. The opening of the patio is not big, but the light and shadow are refined, full of ceremonial feeling, and the daily life is very practical. The height of this space in the museum is also limited, the ancient house has two floors, but the height are all not high, especially the upper floor, its top is a large structural steel beam, and the height of the bottom of the beam is only 2.4 meters. Originally it was envisaged to retain the bare state of the steel beam, but the volume of the 600-thick large steel beam is huge in front of the traditional wood structure. Moreover, the pipelines of air conditioners and electric wires are complicated and difficult to be clean and tidy. Therefore, only the suspended ceiling is used and the lower space of the steel beam after sealed with the gypsum board is only 2.35 meters. Fortunately, the gap between the steel beams has been raised after processing the ceiling shape, and the reflection of light trough partially installed makes the top less depressed. The ceiling shape adopts arch in several places to echo the wooden arched gallery roof at the entrance to the first floor of the ancient house. The upper part of this gallery is the space called Huimalang of the ancient house, and now it has also become the exhibition area. The local height of the museum's space near this corner is three floors, so the stairs are installed near this exhibition zone to connect the local three-story small exhibition room.

Section Section

At the beginning, the ground floor at the atrium was paved with slate in the style of ancient architecture. The four sides were a step higher, and the middle was low (formerly for draining rainwater). However, the museum felt that it was not practical enough. Especially when the audience was concentrating on the exhibits, they were easy to step on the air and tripped, later it was unified into the same level, which made it easier to arrange larger exhibits. As the main display area of the first floor, the floor of the wing-rooms on both sides is covered with antique blue bricks. A traditional wooden slab system is still used between the two floors. The circular patio on the top of the atrium is the highlight of this ancient house, and the carvings are also very beautiful. The circular patio is rare in ancient Hui-style architecture. The top of the patio simulates the natural skylight on a cloudy day, which is quite realistic. There is no natural light in this space of the museum. In order to prevent the space from being dull, a luminous wall from the first floor to the second floor is set at the innermost end. The frontside gives the feeling of "window" and the backside illuminates the stairwell.

Gallery space based on the old house wing. Image © Wenjie Hu Gallery space based on the old house wing. Image © Wenjie Hu

The second floor has more new elements than the first floor. In addition to the display function, a meeting area is set up as a small meeting and salon space. The implementation effect has basically adhered to the principle of "old is old, new is new" proposed by the designer, with the simple "new" to set off the complicated "old", has basically realized the contrast and harmony between the new and the old in the conflict.

Second floor exhibition cabinet. Image © Wenjie Hu Second floor exhibition cabinet. Image © Wenjie Hu
Second floor space. Image © Wenjie Hu Second floor space. Image © Wenjie Hu

At the entrance of the museum, there is a strip of space with width of 3 meters, which is the space element of the street in the original place of the ancient house. The original gate building no longer exists, originally, the designer designed the entrance of a completely modern style, but the museum insisted on an antique gatehouse, and finally we had to simulate a relatively simple gatehouse. As the main elements of ancient architecture, wooden structure and powder wall are all available, but the element of "tile" is missing, because there is no way to copy the roof, there are also two local natural elements of "mountain and water" are missing. So the designer piled a few "mountains" on the wall opposite the gatehouse with small blue tiles, the composition technique is from traditional landscape paintings, reckon blank as inked, and the white wall left by large areas is like the "water" of the lake. The use of symbolism gives people an infinite association. There are also a number of luminous "bamboo poles" in the corner, which is like a close-up view, makes the picture layered.

Entrance lobby. Image © Wenjie Hu Entrance lobby. Image © Wenjie Hu

Since the museum is a high-rise building, the fire protection is the highest level, and the old house is almost entirely wood, which is very difficult for fire prevention. If the automatic sprinkler system is installed, the pipeline will definitely destroy the wood structure of the ancient house, both structurally and visually. In the end, four gas fire extinguishing nozzles have been installed at the four corners of the space to solve this problem.

Mountain, river, bamboo, tile. Image © Wenjie Hu Mountain, river, bamboo, tile. Image © Wenjie Hu

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Space House / HBA-rchitects

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 12:00 PM PST

© Woochul Jung © Woochul Jung
  • Architects: HBA-rchitects
  • Location: Yangju-si, South Korea
  • Lead Architects: Hyobin Jung
  • Project Year: 2018
  • Photographs: Woochul Jung
  • Structural Engineer: Kum Structure
  • Construction: ileap Constructure
  • Site Area: 254.80 ㎡
  • Building Area: 127.37 ㎡
  • Gross Floor Area: 207.55 ㎡
  • Client: Youngwoo Kim
© Woochul Jung © Woochul Jung

1. Space
The universe is a broad word that encompasses all the material, space, and time that exists in the world. Would not the family's material, time, and space be like another small universe? The fact that the word "universe" is composed of 宇(house) 宙(house) gives more meaning to our idea. We decided to make a small universe of 13.4m X 13.4m squares, assuming that each of the planets, the family, would be involved in various ways and their time. Because the house was like a small universe of space and time.

Section 01 Section 01
Section 02 Section 02

2. Space instead of walls
The space in which we have lived has always been divided by the wall, and the story of the individual has been put in a defined and limited space. Personal time is only flowed and remembered in a closed cube. We decided to split the space between space and another space instead of the wall. It is a space as emptiness that has no purpose like the spaceless space of the universe and no function. Unlike a perfectly disconnected wall, this voided space communicates with each space and provides an ambiguous relationship between individual spaces. Time flows through space and space, creating various stories and being remembered together. All the space that makes up the house flows and feels like a universe.

© Woochul Jung © Woochul Jung

3. Nature in space
At first meeting, the owner asked me to build a house which is spacious and living, a house which is felt wide and a house which is good for nature. Figuring out his requirements, it was a general house that gives a wide yard to the south and has a nice view in front. However, the land was in a new city forming with divided territories by 230 ~ 265 m2. It was not easy to put these two propositions in these public parcels. Luckily, there were roads and small reservoirs on the front, so it was a little free from neighboring parcels.

© Woochul Jung © Woochul Jung

If external conditions wew poor, I tried to take the nature back home. We split the yard, not the wide front yard, to create small yards throughout the house, and these vacant yards became architectural tools related to nature in various ways. The sky in the place where all sides are open is always a natural presence over the head, but the sky that lays on the roof in the courtyard becomes a special sky where the clouds flow and the wind is seen. Nature that spreads out in front of us is the background of our everyday life, but the nature that we see through the wall that is long and wide is approaching as a meaningful work like a picture of a width.

© Woochul Jung © Woochul Jung
© Woochul Jung © Woochul Jung

4. People in Nature
When viewed from the outside, it seems to be a cube-shaped building with all sides blocked, but in fact, this house has a vacant space opened to the east, west, north. The cross-shaped empty space through the house allows nature to penetrate deep into the house. And connecting the empty space is a hallway connecting space and space. Unlike conventional formal houses that can only move from space to space through the wall, this house must pass through a vacant space filled with nature. It is the inevitable structure that experiences nature permeated in the middle of movement of space. It is an inevitable but indirect experience of living in the middle of settlement. Assimilating gradually with nature is our small desire for the owner who likes nature.

© Woochul Jung © Woochul Jung

5. Space and Time
The main material of this house is exposed concrete. The outer cube that touches the nature each other is the pine board exposure-finish that uses the texture of the tree, and the small inner courtyards where the person lives are exposed concrete finish with various square pattern formwork. The most important reason why we selected exposed concrete after a comparison of various materials was time.

© Woochul Jung © Woochul Jung

This family, like a small universe, needed material properties that would grow with them and change with them. Although the exposed concrete finish that reveals the properties of the concrete as it is without additional finishing material is rugged and rough, it is the most unobtrusive, pure and natural material that deeply accepts the light and the static image. On the ground fact that the exposed concrete can melt the time of the family, it is the most appropriate material.

© Woochul Jung © Woochul Jung

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Kanoko Building / EASTERN Design Office

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 11:00 AM PST

© Koichi Torimura © Koichi Torimura
  • Other Participants: Ryoma Murata Buiding Studio
© Koichi Torimura © Koichi Torimura

Text description provided by the architects. This architecture might remind you of the images of
Kanoko, a fawn drinking water,  "Kanoko" means a young deer in Japanese
Like a collar of a Kimono
Like Origami, folding paper work
A huge thumb pointing to the ground
An asymmetric shape

© Koichi Torimura © Koichi Torimura
Plans Plans
© Koichi Torimura © Koichi Torimura

The site is situated on a corner, so you can see two facades of this building. This is the first building that catches youｒ eyes when you get out of the station. Accordingly, we have designed this building not just as a simple cube, but as a funny and interesting form composed by two sides of the façade in order to make people create various images. It is designed sharply, clearly and dynamically. The name of this place is Sumizome-Cho, Fushimi-Ku in Kyoto city. This building has three stories made of a steel structure. The first and the second floor are for tenants, a pharmacy and a nursery school respectively. The third floor is a residential space for the parents of the client.

Sections Sections

The north side of this site faces the main street of this neighborhood. There is a bridge east of the site, which connects the site and the main shopping street. The railway station is just 5 meters away from here. A small canal runs along the site. It is named "Kamogawa-Unga," one of the branches of the Lake Biwa Canal, which was constructed during the Meiji period. This man-made waterway reminds neighbors of the history of the development of this area. This is one of "the traces of Kyoto's dream." It will be explained below. Our young client was born in this place and is working in Tokyo now. His parents ran a vegetable shop, but they felt they were too old to keep it and decided to close it down. Their house for working and living was dilapidated, so their son, i.e. our client decided to rebuild it.

© Koichi Torimura © Koichi Torimura

 The program was very clear. The first and the second floor will be designed for shops or retails, and the third floor is a residence for his parents. In the future, he might come back to this place and will have his own office in this building. Our client believes that this town should be changed to a more beautiful place. When he was looking for an architect, he noticed an interesting building in his neighborhood. It was an apartment house named "Slit Court" designed by our office, the Eastern Design Office. Our office is also along this canal and we are neighbors. The " Slit Court" built along the main street is just 15-meters west from this "Kanoko House". This site is a nice viewpoint seen from the station near a small canal.  From this place, we can get a wide view of the main street and the canal. We have suggested several designs and the "asymmetrical form" was the one our client preferred, saying this irregularly shaped design is beautiful.

© Koichi Torimura © Koichi Torimura

The first and the second floor for shops face to the canal with a glass facade. The third floor is rather enclosed and we have designed small windows at some points to get the light and sight. The idea of the entire shape is to cut a part of the north corner diagonally and make terraces in that area. We intended to make the volume of the three-story building into one controlled design, yet each tenant floor is open to the town to let them interact lively and actively. At the pharmacy on the first floor, moms and kids are able to play in a kids corner provided in front of the canal. That is where the tip of the diagonal cut west facade and the ground meat. At the nursery school on the second floor, you can see the kids playing. In the evening, the lighting of each floor is gently shining and at night, lighting from the small windows rhythmically flourishes. About the canal "Kamogawa Unga", "a trace of Kyoto's dream".

© Koichi Torimura © Koichi Torimura

Before the Meiji era, the capital of Japan had been in Kyoto, but it was transferred to Tokyo as a result of the Meiji Restoration, which consequently leads to the decline of Kyoto. Therefore, people of Kyoto decided to construct a new Lake Biwa Canal for tapping water, waterways as transportation artery and waterpower that would stimulate new industries to trigger the revitalization of Kyoto. At that time, most of the civil engineering construction was designed and supervised by foreign engineers, but these canals are the first project that was carried out by the Japanese engineers only. There has been a hydroelectric power station 1 km southwards from this site. This canal has played a key role as a basic driving power to contribute to thriving newer industries such as spinning, stretching copper panels, machinery, Tobacco and so on. Our client named this building "Kanoko building" from the image of the fawn/young deer drinking water next to the bridge over the small canal.

© Koichi Torimura © Koichi Torimura

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Gresham Street House / Jackson Teece

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 09:00 AM PST

© Christopher Frederick Jones © Christopher Frederick Jones
© Christopher Frederick Jones © Christopher Frederick Jones

Text description provided by the architects. This re-creation of a family home, tailored to its occupant's lifestyles, was realised through careful consideration of layout and context. Gresham Street House is an example of vernacular architecture, the architect and Director of Jackson Teece, Daniel Hudson lived there for 6 years before taking on the redesign. Ultimately, he has taken an existing "Queenslander" and shaped the design to create a home that acts as the epitome of shelter in a harsh climate.

Scheme Scheme

"Internally it was almost the opposite of what it should be. It was around the wrong way. So the main objective was to reconfigure the layout, the program of the house, without changing any of the wall locations." - Daniel Hudson, Jackson Teece Director.

© Christopher Frederick Jones © Christopher Frederick Jones

The retention of the existing masonry, coupled with a pragmatic and performative design defined the spatial arrangement and material selection. Passive sustainability and design principles resulted in reduced waste, minimising the carbon footprint and embodied energy. The house can be opened up in summer to purge heat and closed down to cocoon its occupants in the winter. The addition of a flexible indoor/outdoor pavilion type space further supports an energy-efficient design and provides a large communal family space with a connection to the pool and landscape.

Floor plans Floor plans

The redesign of the floor plan responds directly to the site's orientation and context. The living spaces which were located on the southwest of the plan are now connected to the garden and have become the heart of the home. Relocating these functions into a pavilion at the rear of the house provides a more appropriate response to the context and provides a space for family activities and entertaining.

© Christopher Frederick Jones © Christopher Frederick Jones

The design carefully considered solar access and control. The pavilion addition faces north, featuring angled timber blades to shade the east and west façades. Modeling determined the blade's angle, eliminating direct solar penetration during the summer, with full sun penetration in winter. Galleries of louvers are oriented to encourage cool air flow from the pool and the cooling bay breeze from the east, while high positioned louvers allow heat to escape.

© Christopher Frederick Jones © Christopher Frederick Jones

Efficiency in use of materials, such as the re-purposing of porcelain and stone slab off-cuts, required pre-planning and careful overseeing of manufacture to ensure reduced waste. Considered selection of plantation timbers, inclusion of rainwater tanks for garden irrigation and installation of a solar array was also undertaken to limit this project's short and long-term environmental impacts.

© Christopher Frederick Jones © Christopher Frederick Jones

A new secure timber batten entry annex flanks the existing eastern façade, allowing the house to be left open to freely ventilate, the entry stair doubles as an internal access to the lower level resulting in reduced spatial impact on floor space. It also shades the masonry from direct sun moderating internal temperature.

Section + Elevation Section + Elevation

The family now benefit from a house that responds to their daily lives; the sequence of leaving for school or work and equally returning home, a common family recreation space, but also alternate spaces that can be shut down for privacy or to get away.

© Christopher Frederick Jones © Christopher Frederick Jones

Visual and physical connection to landscape and open space is a recurring theme in the design, contributing to a subtropical living experience. Close collaboration with the structural engineer resulted in large spans and efficient bracing, contributing to achieving the feeling of spaciousness within the pavilion and an unobscured aperture to the external landscape. The design provides a private and serene home which connects with the external environment in an inner-city setting.

© Christopher Frederick Jones © Christopher Frederick Jones

A new secure timber batten entry annex flanks the existing eastern façade, allowing the house to be left open to freely ventilate, the entry stair doubles as an internal access to the lower level resulting in reduced spatial impact on floor space. It also shades the masonry from direct sun moderating internal temperature.

© Christopher Frederick Jones © Christopher Frederick Jones

The family now benefit from a house that responds to their daily lives; the sequence of leaving for school or work and equally returning home, a common family recreation space, but also alternate spaces that can be shut down for privacy or to get away.

© Christopher Frederick Jones © Christopher Frederick Jones

Visual and physical connection to landscape and open space is a recurring theme in the design, contributing to a subtropical living experience. Close collaboration with the structural engineer resulted in large spans and efficient bracing, contributing to achieving the feeling of spaciousness within the pavilion and an unobscured aperture to the external landscape. The design provides a private and serene home which connects with the external environment in an inner-city setting.

© Christopher Frederick Jones © Christopher Frederick Jones

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CitizenM Bowery / Concrete + Stephen B. Jacobs Group

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 08:00 AM PST

© Chris Cooper © Chris Cooper
© Chris Cooper © Chris Cooper

Text description provided by the architects. Concrete Architectural Associates and Stephen B. Jacobs Group in collaboration with DeSimone Consulting Engineers, completed the design of CitizenM Bowery, the tallest modular hotel in the United States. Located in Lower East Side, Manhattan, the 21-story building measures approximately 100,000 square feet with 300 modular guestrooms and an assortment of hotel amenities. he hotel includes a rooftop bar and lounge, a bistro-style restaurant and coworking space on the ground level, and a 4,000-square-foot plaza.

© cloudM © cloudM

This project is citizenM's second hotel in New York, following the opening of their Times Square property in 2014.

© citizenM © citizenM

DeSimone's design team was challenged not only to deliver the tallest modular hotel in the United States, but also to fit the structure inside a building envelope originally developed for a cast-in place concrete structure, while ensuring that it met local code requirements.

© citizenM © citizenM
5th-18th Plan 5th-18th Plan
© cloudM © cloudM

The switch to a modular system resulted in a divided building comprised of three main structural sections. The lowest section up to the fourth floor remained cast-in-place concrete to maintain a previously designed amenity spaces in the lower levels. The fourth-floor concrete slab is 36-inches-thick with spans measuring up to 38 feet that functions as a transfer slab to support the modular levels. The 15 stories of hotel modules rise from this floor. The nineteenth floor up to the roof is framed with structural steel to provide open spaces at the upper amenity levels. Throughout the building a standalone concrete core and a blade shear wall between the two northern modules act as the building's lateral system.

© cloudM © cloudM

Executing design and construction created additional challenges. The modular field connections had to withstand large forces produced by a tall building, provide sufficient field tolerances, avoid interference with adjacent modules, and provide room to assemble the modules in the field.

© citizenM © citizenM
Elevation Elevation
© citizenM © citizenM

"We are honored to have had the opportunity to work on this unique project," said Benjamin Downing, Managing Principal for Desimone in New Haven, CT. "The project team faced numerous design challenges, but we resolved these quickly and efficiently to help realize the tallest modular hotel in the nation."

© Chris Cooper © Chris Cooper

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El Expendio de Maíz / Ludwig Godefroy Architecture

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 06:00 AM PST

© Ramiro Chaves © Ramiro Chaves
© Ramiro Chaves © Ramiro Chaves
© Ramiro Chaves © Ramiro Chaves

Text description provided by the architects. The story of the expendio de maiz project started from a road trip between friends, those trips when we decide to leave Mexico city for a few days, to go the rural countryside, far from our trendy urban way of life in the capital, to those simple villages, non touristic ones, where we can enjoy simple food, simple moments of authentic mexican life, just watching the people living.

© Ramiro Chaves © Ramiro Chaves

Very often when you travel by car in mexico, it normal to drive straight from 7 to 8 hours, which means at some point you´ll need to eat, to eat very simple mexican food they prepare along the road, or in any villages you could pass by, made most of the time by women, in a very tradicional non fancy way, but simply always delicious. The main product, the base of everything in mexico is the corn, every day we eat corn, this is what we call the mexican Tortilla.

© Ramiro Chaves © Ramiro Chaves

During one of those trip, we realized that the tortilla from the countryside is way much better than the one we eat in mexico city, which is made with industrialized corn, in a very cheap way.

Plan Plan

We decided we wanted to create this new place in mexico city, where we will offer the option for the people to eat back a natural tortilla like the old women still use to prepare in the villages.

© Ramiro Chaves © Ramiro Chaves

The idea of the project was to get inspired by the rough countryside kitchens and their fire places where people use to cook every day. We decided to create a rural kitchen in the heart of the city to promote the idea we want the preserve and honor the mexican food tradicion.

© Ramiro Chaves © Ramiro Chaves

In the mexican mythology, cintéotl was one of the most respected god, he was the god of corn and his protector at the same time, and it was very important considering that during the prehispanic time, corn was the main source of food making mexico survive at that time ; so that's why corn is still very important today.

© Ramiro Chaves © Ramiro Chaves

The idea behind this project is to give back the importance to the corn and to treat it back with all the delicacy and respect it deserves, like it used to be during the prehispanic time. So we decided to look as well at the prehispanic architecture to design the tortilleria, making it looks like the old guachimontones pyramids of Teuchitlan, as well as the old baths of Nezahualcoyotl in Texcoco, all made of volcanic stone, andemic material of mexico city region, stone which was there as a witness of the aztecs long time before us.

© Ramiro Chaves © Ramiro Chaves

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Coal Drops Yard Photographed Through the Lens of Laurian Ghinitoiu

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 05:00 AM PST

Coal Drops Yard. Image © Laurian Ghinitoiu Coal Drops Yard. Image © Laurian Ghinitoiu

Photographer Laurian Ghinitoiu has released new images of Heatherwick Studio's Coal Drops Yard in London's King's Cross. Unveiled to the public last month, the project includes two heritage rail buildings from the 1850s brought together as a new shopping district. The design extends the inner gabled roofs of Victorian coal drops to link the two viaducts together around shopping and public space.

Coal Drops Yard. Image © Laurian Ghinitoiu Coal Drops Yard. Image © Laurian Ghinitoiu
Coal Drops Yard. Image © Laurian Ghinitoiu Coal Drops Yard. Image © Laurian Ghinitoiu
Coal Drops Yard. Image © Laurian Ghinitoiu Coal Drops Yard. Image © Laurian Ghinitoiu

Ghinitoiu captured Coal Drops Yard through diverse perspectives, including new aerial images of the site. The project is the first major building completion in London for Heatherwick Studio and one of several large-scale developments in the capital that the studio is currently working on. Now home to stores, restaurants and cafés, Coal Drops Yard sits just off Granary Square next to Regent's Canal and the refurbished Central St. Martins School. The pair of elongated Victorian coal drops are reimagined as a space for the public to make their own.

Coal Drops Yard. Image © Laurian Ghinitoiu Coal Drops Yard. Image © Laurian Ghinitoiu
Coal Drops Yard. Image © Laurian Ghinitoiu Coal Drops Yard. Image © Laurian Ghinitoiu
Coal Drops Yard. Image © Laurian Ghinitoiu Coal Drops Yard. Image © Laurian Ghinitoiu

Originally built to receive coal from northern England, the structure's previous use was in light industry and warehousing. The new design is one continuous structure, built with a new upper story that shapes the identity of the yard below. A central focus of the project, the large covered outdoor space on the ground floor doubles as event space. The development joins the ever-expanding hub of state-of-the-art residential blocks and modern offices in King's Cross.

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Omaha Art House / Olson Kundig

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 04:00 AM PST

© Benjamin Benschneider © Benjamin Benschneider
  • Architects: Olson Kundig
  • Location: Omaha, United States
  • Architect In Charge: Jim Olson, FAIA
  • Design Principal: Paul Schlachter
  • Area: 4990.0 ft2
  • Project Year: 2017
  • Photographs: Benjamin Benschneider
  • Project Manager: Megan Zimmerman, LEED® AP BD+C
  • Project Architect: Christine Burkland, Interior Design
  • Contractor: APS Custom
© Benjamin Benschneider © Benjamin Benschneider

Text description provided by the architects. The redesign of this Omaha, Nebraska home focused on seamlessly integrating artworks from the couple's extensive collection. Devoted almost entirely to the work of artist Jun Kaneko, the collection includes several large-scale sculptural and two-dimensional works. Kaneko is known for his strong sensitivity to space and surrounding environments. Accordingly, this home's design paid special attention to the relationship of the artworks both to the built environment, and to the newly integrated natural environment brought visually into the home.

© Benjamin Benschneider © Benjamin Benschneider

Opening up the home to the surrounding landscaping was a prime directive for the remodel, as was the desire to concentrate common living spaces onto a single level. The new program brings the main living and dining areas of the house under one sheltering pitched roof that conveys the home's Midwestern context. Opening up this roof with a single long skylight running down the middle of the pitch brought a new sense of lightness to the gallery-like home.

© Benjamin Benschneider © Benjamin Benschneider
© Benjamin Benschneider © Benjamin Benschneider
© Benjamin Benschneider © Benjamin Benschneider

Elevating the roof line and incorporating floor-to-ceiling windows also advanced this aim, with the added benefit of creating a sense of transparency between interior and exterior. The main floor continues to the other side of the home with a kitchen, den and master suite. There are three additional guest bedrooms upstairs. A revamped front façade and a custom bronze and steel front door creates an intriguing entry to the home, beginning a series of contemplative moments that continue throughout the house.

© Benjamin Benschneider © Benjamin Benschneider

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Bjarke Ingels' Burning Man ORB Captured through the Lens of Laurian Ghinitoiu

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 03:00 AM PST

© Laurian Ghinitoiu © Laurian Ghinitoiu

One of the star attractions of 2018's Burning Man Festival was the ORB, designed and overseen by Bjarke Ingels, Iacob Lange & Laurent de Carniere. The 1/500,000 scale sphere of the Earth's surface was designed to conceptually reference earth and human expression, intending to leave no trace following its deflation.

The designers wanted the giant sphere to act as a guiding landmark for festival-goers, and set up an Indiegogo campaign back in July to raise the remaining funding for the installation. In total, the team invested 30 tons of steel, 1,000 welding and sewing hours, and $300,000 of their own funds to make the ORB a reality.

Now, photographer Laurian Ghinitoiu has published an extensive set of images showcasing the construction and operation of the ORB during the Burning Man Festival in Black Rock City. Below, we have laid out some of the most expressive images, with the full gallery accessible at the bottom of the article.

© Laurian Ghinitoiu © Laurian Ghinitoiu
© Laurian Ghinitoiu © Laurian Ghinitoiu
© Laurian Ghinitoiu © Laurian Ghinitoiu
© Laurian Ghinitoiu © Laurian Ghinitoiu
© Laurian Ghinitoiu © Laurian Ghinitoiu
© Laurian Ghinitoiu © Laurian Ghinitoiu
© Laurian Ghinitoiu © Laurian Ghinitoiu
© Laurian Ghinitoiu © Laurian Ghinitoiu
© Laurian Ghinitoiu © Laurian Ghinitoiu
© Laurian Ghinitoiu © Laurian Ghinitoiu

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Kunstmuseum Ahrenshoop / Staab Architekten

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 02:00 AM PST

© Stefan Mueller © Stefan Mueller
  • Architects: Staab Architekten
  • Location: Ahrenshoop, Germany
  • Lead Architects: Volker Staab, Per Pedersen, Anke Hafner
  • Area: 1400.0 m2
  • Project Year: 2013
  • Photographs: Stefan Mueller
© Stefan Mueller © Stefan Mueller

Text description provided by the architects. The artists' colony in Ahrenshoop is situated on the narrow peninsula between Fischland and Darss. This sparsely populated area on the Baltic Sea, with its dunes and expansive meadows and fields, offers a wealth of landscapes. Ever since the colony was founded in the late nineteenth century, it has attracted artists whose work and homes reflect a deep connection to the landscape and the region's building tradition. An art museum was to be dedicated to these artists and the history of their colony. To this end a winding plot of land at the entrance to Ahrenshoop was made available along with a small construction budget.

© Stefan Mueller © Stefan Mueller

The key to our architectural concept lay in the close relationship of the artists to the landscape. The goal was to create a building that at first glance seemed as if it had always been there, and only on second glance would unfold its autonomy as a cultural institution. 

© Stefan Mueller © Stefan Mueller
Plan Plan
© Stefan Mueller © Stefan Mueller

The first problem to solve was one of scale. The museum was significantly larger than the town's traditional buildings. Only the discovery that the size of the individual exhibition spaces desired corresponded approximately to the size of these buildings led the way to a design solution. Drawing on the notion of a farmstead, the museum would be composed of a group of buildings whose size was based on the measurements of an exhibition room. This approach also freed us from the constraints of the difficult plot. The grouping of the individual "houses" around a center would take precedence, while the L-shaped property outline would recede into the background. 

Section Section

The buildings make no secret of their contemporaryorigin. Although they are based on the shape of the local buildings, they distill their archetype down to a pure, abstract form. The wall and roof surfaces are seamlessly covered with a façade material penetrated only by a few openings. 

© Stefan Mueller © Stefan Mueller

The correspondence of external and internal form leads to an unexpected spatial experience. A skylight at the apex of the roof enhances the abstract ambience. The uninterrupted wall surfaces create a focused atmosphere in which the small-format exhibits take full effect. 

The tension between familiar image and its unfamiliar translation was continued right down to the detailing of the façade. The structure of the vertically profiled brass façade evokes the memory of bundled reeds covering the farmhouse roofs. Even the phenomenon of the darkening of thatched roofs over time is echoed as the brass façade changes from warm gold to matte brown over the years.

© Stefan Mueller © Stefan Mueller

These associations are superimposed by the confident, downright radical abstraction of the building envelope. Anchored in local building tradition yet exploring new design paths, the new museum challenges our usual perception and links the traditional image and its transformation.

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A Series of Rejected Plans That Would Have Transformed London

Posted: 12 Nov 2018 01:00 AM PST

Westminster City Airport. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a> Westminster City Airport. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a>

London is one of the world's most iconic and beloved cities, with a diverse blend of architectural styles spanning the centuries. Every year, 20 million tourists flock to the city in search of iconic landmarks such as Big Ben, the Palace of Westminster, the London Eye, and Trafalgar Square.

But London could have been so different. Through time, a host of ambitious, crazy, and revolutionary plans were drawn up around the city, only to be consigned to an unbuilt history. To demonstrate this, Barratt Homes has unearthed plans for "some of the capital's most ambitious construction projects that never saw the light of day."

We have republished the images and shortened descriptions from Barratt Homes below. Be sure to visit the official website here for more in-depth reading.

Central London Monorail

Today. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a> Today. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a>
What could have been. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a> What could have been. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a>

Barratt Homes: In the late 1960s, bus use within the city was on the decline, with residents of London preferring to commute via personal vehicles, causing congestion […]the plan was to get rid of them altogether, with the Central London Monorail taking over public transport duties.

Westminster City Airport

Today. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a> Today. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a>
What could have been. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a> What could have been. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a>

Barratt Homes: Back in 1934, plans were drawn up for an airport above the River Thames to provide London with a new transport hub in the heart of the capital – ideal for national and international business travel. As the design from Popular Science Monthly (1934) illustrates, this airport would have been situated right next to the Houses of Parliament, in between Westminster Bridge and the relatively new Lambeth Bridge.

Trafalgar Square Pyramid

Today. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a> Today. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a>
What could have been. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a> What could have been. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a>

Barratt Homes: Approximately two hundred years ago, plans were put in place to build a 300ft pyramid right in the center of London to commemorate the victories of the Battle of Trafalgar and the Battle of the Nile. Blueprints for the monument reveal that the building was to be taller than St Paul's Cathedral, with 22 steps paying tribute to each year of the two Anglo-French wars.

The Carlton Hotel

Today. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a> Today. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a>
What could have been. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a> What could have been. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a>

Barratt Homes: The Carlton Hotel was a luxury establishment, leaps and bounds ahead of its competitors – the most notable of which being the world-famous Savoy Hotel. Unfortunately, severe damage caused by bombings during the Second World War meant the Carlton Hotel closed to guests. The Hotel was finally demolished in 1957, following voluntary liquidation.

The Victorian Skyscraper

Today. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a> Today. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a>
What could have been. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a> What could have been. Image © <a href='https://www.barratthomes.co.uk/new-homes/london/advice-and-inspiration/interactive/in-pictures-the-london-that-could-have-been/'>Barratt Homes</a> licensed under <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/'>CC BY-SA 4.0</a>

Barratt Homes: In 1851, in the midst of a manufacturing boom, England hosted the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park to showcase over 100,000 revolutionary and contemporary creations to its trading partners from around the world. All housed in a huge temporary structure made of glass and iron, the building became known as the Crystal Palace […] However, before the Crystal Palace was moved to Sydenham, an alternative proposal was put forward on what to do with the huge amount of glass and iron. Charles Burton pitched a 1,000ft skyscraper not too dissimilar in design to the modern skyscrapers we see today.

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